一、股(gu)權(quan)(quan)架(jia)構基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)知識 在重慶股(gu)權(quan)(quan)架(jia)構設計培訓中，首(shou)先會涉及到股(gu)權(quan)(quan)架(jia)構的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)知識。這包括理(li)(li)解(jie)什么是(shi)(shi)股(gu)權(quan)(quan)架(jia)構，它是(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)基(ji)石，具有(you)架(jia)構三性，即(ji)公(gong)(gong)平(ping)、平(ping)穩、制衡(heng)，這是(shi)(shi)一種較為(wei)理(li)(li)想的(de)狀態，就如同建筑(zhu)的(de)地(di)基(ji)，穩固且(qie)合理(li)(li)才能支(zhi)撐(cheng)起公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)發(fa)展大廈。其架(jia)構三要(yao)素為(wei)產(chan)權(quan)(quan)、治權(quan)(quan)、調(diao)整機制。產(chan)權(quan)(quan)明(ming)確了(le)股(gu)東(dong)(dong)對公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)財(cai)產(chan)的(de)權(quan)(quan)益，是(shi)(shi)股(gu)東(dong)(dong)權(quan)(quan)利的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)；治權(quan)(quan)關乎股(gu)東(dong)(dong)對公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)經(jing)營管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)參與和(he)決策權(quan)(quan)；調(diao)整機制則是(shi)(shi)為(wei)了(le)適(shi)應公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)在不同發(fa)展階段的(de)需求而設置的(de)，例如隨(sui)著公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)規(gui)(gui)模擴大、新股(gu)東(dong)(dong)加入等情(qing)況時對股(gu)權(quan)(quan)架(jia)構的(de)調(diao)整規(gui)(gui)則。
股(gu)權(quan)(quan)架構(gou)從橫向(xiang)來看是(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)權(quan)(quan)結構(gou)設(she)計(ji)，主要研究股(gu)東構(gou)成、股(gu)權(quan)(quan)比例(li)和相互關(guan)系(xi)；縱向(xiang)來看則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)股(gu)權(quan)(quan)架構(gou)設(she)計(ji)，涉及到(dao)自然人(ren)股(gu)東、投資(zi)(zi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)、持股(gu)平臺(tai)、母(mu)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)、一級子公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)、二級子公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)之間的(de)股(gu)權(quan)(quan)關(guan)系(xi)，如(ru)全資(zi)(zi)、控(kong)(kong)股(gu)、參(can)股(gu)等關(guan)系(xi)。而且(qie)股(gu)權(quan)(quan)架構(gou)設(she)計(ji)又可分層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，從最上端實際控(kong)(kong)制人(ren)出(chu)發，可分為控(kong)(kong)股(gu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、投資(zi)(zi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、資(zi)(zi)本(ben)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、產業層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)、操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)五級。以企業集團為例(li)，控(kong)(kong)股(gu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)在(zai)生態鏈(lian)的(de)最上端，通(tong)常是(shi)(shi)(shi)實際控(kong)(kong)制人(ren)群體(ti)（自然人(ren)或其(qi)家族），一些企業會(hui)將(jiang)控(kong)(kong)股(gu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)設(she)在(zai)開曼(man)群島、英屬維爾京群島（BVI）、百慕大等“避稅天堂”，方便未來進行家族財富傳承等操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)，例(li)如(ru)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)家族信托方式將(jiang)控(kong)(kong)股(gu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)股(gu)份(fen)與其(qi)他家族資(zi)(zi)產打包(bao)管(guan)理。投資(zi)(zi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)股(gu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)控(kong)(kong)股(gu)有限公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)下設(she)專門(men)的(de)投資(zi)(zi)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)，作(zuo)(zuo)為投資(zi)(zi)平臺(tai)進行相關(guan)投資(zi)(zi)，不(bu)涉及具體(ti)產業的(de)運(yun)營和管(guan)理。
二、股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)與(yu)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)籌(chou)劃(hua) 稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)籌(chou)劃(hua)是(shi)(shi)重(zhong)(zhong)慶(qing)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)計培訓(xun)(xun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要內容。很多企業(ye)家存在誤區(qu)，認為企業(ye)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)交(jiao)多了是(shi)(shi)財務(wu)(wu)問題，實(shi)際上很多時候(hou)是(shi)(shi)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)計出錯(cuo)。在企業(ye)從初(chu)創到上市的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，會(hui)經歷(li)多次股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)運(yun)作(zuo)，“稅(shui)(shui)(shui)”是(shi)(shi)資本交(jiao)易活動中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大痛點。培訓(xun)(xun)內容可能涵蓋公司設(she)立、擴張(zhang)、上市、并(bing)購(gou)各階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)計與(yu)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)規(gui)劃(hua)。例如通(tong)過(guo)(guo)具體的(de)(de)(de)(de)案例，像公牛集團的(de)(de)(de)(de)案例，來分(fen)析(xi)其股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)分(fen)類，包括(kuo)創始人股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)、家族成員(yuan)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)、傳(chuan)承候(hou)選人股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)、激勵員(yuan)工股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)等(deng)不(bu)同類型(xing)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)東(dong)在股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。了解不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)如何(he)影響(xiang)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)，以及如何(he)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)設(she)計實(shi)現合法節(jie)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)。這就需(xu)要學習股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)、股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)比(bi)例、股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)規(gui)則、持股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)方式等(deng)內容與(yu)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系，從而全(quan)面優化股(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)(gou)，避免不(bu)必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)(shui)(shui)務(wu)(wu)支(zhi)出。
三、公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)控制(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)相關 在(zai)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)架構(gou)設(she)計(ji)培訓中，公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)控制(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)相關內容必不(bu)可少。要(yao)(yao)學(xue)會如(ru)(ru)何防(fang)(fang)范和化解(jie)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)控制(zhi)(zhi)權(quan)之爭。以有實控人為原(yuan)則，并且掌握實控的(de)(de)多種實現方式，例如(ru)(ru)通(tong)過股(gu)(gu)權(quan)比(bi)例的(de)(de)合理設(she)置等。當公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)無實控人時，需要(yao)(yao)了解(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)衡機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、僵局(ju)解(jie)決機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)、退出(chu)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)等。這(zhe)些(xie)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)設(she)立能夠保(bao)障(zhang)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)在(zai)不(bu)同股(gu)(gu)權(quan)結(jie)構(gou)狀態下的(de)(de)穩(wen)定運營。同時，也(ye)要(yao)(yao)學(xue)會如(ru)(ru)何通(tong)過股(gu)(gu)權(quan)架構(gou)設(she)計(ji)為股(gu)(gu)東(dong)搭建防(fang)(fang)火墻(qiang)，防(fang)(fang)范連(lian)帶責任及(ji)(ji)其他風(feng)險。例如(ru)(ru)股(gu)(gu)東(dong)的(de)(de)出(chu)場(chang)姿(zi)勢(shi)要(yao)(yao)合理，要(yao)(yao)遠(yuan)離可能帶來風(feng)險的(de)(de)“豬隊(dui)友”，通(tong)過結(jie)構(gou)設(she)計(ji)預防(fang)(fang)連(lian)帶責任等。這(zhe)對于保(bao)護股(gu)(gu)東(dong)的(de)(de)個人資產(chan)以及(ji)(ji)公(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)的(de)(de)整體穩(wen)定有著重要(yao)(yao)意(yi)義(yi)。
四、股(gu)權融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)相關 股(gu)權架(jia)構設計(ji)與股(gu)權融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)有(you)著緊密的(de)聯系(xi)，這也是(shi)培訓的(de)一部分。要(yao)(yao)明白如何通過股(gu)權結構設計(ji)為將來的(de)股(gu)權融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)打(da)下基礎，了解(jie)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)人(ren)喜歡什(shen)么樣的(de)股(gu)權結構。比(bi)如注(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)金(jin)額的(de)選擇就(jiu)很關鍵(jian)，合適的(de)注(zhu)冊資(zi)(zi)(zi)本(ben)金(jin)額既能體現公司的(de)實(shi)力(li)，又(you)能在(zai)融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)過程中合理(li)地分配(pei)權益。同時，預留股(gu)權融(rong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)份額的(de)策略也需要(yao)(yao)掌握(wo)，這可以在(zai)吸引投(tou)資(zi)(zi)(zi)時更具(ju)靈活性(xing)，為公司的(de)進一步發(fa)展提供(gong)空間(jian)。
五、已(yi)設立(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司股權(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)完善(shan) 對(dui)于已(yi)設立(li)(li)的公(gong)(gong)司，其股權(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)完善(shan)也是培訓的重要內(nei)容。實際(ji)上，現(xian)有公(gong)(gong)司中的大部分(fen)都存(cun)在股權(quan)(quan)(quan)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)問題(ti)(ti)。培訓中會教授如(ru)何發(fa)現(xian)已(yi)設立(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司股權(quan)(quan)(quan)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)存(cun)在的問題(ti)(ti)，例如(ru)通過(guo)股權(quan)(quan)(quan)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)問題(ti)(ti)測(ce)評表等工具。并且要理解為什么說(shuo)已(yi)設立(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司股權(quan)(quan)(quan)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)完善(shan)商機(ji)無限，這涉及到拓(tuo)展股權(quan)(quan)(quan)客戶的有效途徑和方法。通過(guo)完善(shan)已(yi)設立(li)(li)公(gong)(gong)司的股權(quan)(quan)(quan)架(jia)(jia)構(gou)(gou)，可以(yi)提(ti)升(sheng)公(gong)(gong)司的治(zhi)理水平、增(zeng)強(qiang)競爭力，對(dui)于企業的長遠(yuan)發(fa)展有著積極的推動作用。
六、股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)架構(gou)中(zhong)的(de)(de)各(ge)類方(fang)(fang)案(an)學(xue)(xue)習 培訓還(huan)會包(bao)含各(ge)種(zhong)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)架構(gou)相(xiang)關方(fang)(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)習。例如1200套股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)設計方(fang)(fang)案(an)中(zhong)的(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)優(you)化(hua)方(fang)(fang)案(an)、新(xin)三板(ban)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)問(wen)題方(fang)(fang)案(an)、合(he)同范(fan)本、學(xue)(xue)習股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)變(bian)更方(fang)(fang)案(an)、股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分配方(fang)(fang)案(an)等(deng)等(deng)。這些方(fang)(fang)案(an)提供(gong)了豐富的(de)(de)參考資(zi)料(liao)，適合(he)各(ge)種(zhong)類型企業做股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)架構(gou)設計。無論是(shi)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)結構(gou)需要優(you)化(hua)調整(zheng)，還(huan)是(shi)在(zai)新(xin)三板(ban)上(shang)市過(guo)程中(zhong)遇到股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)問(wen)題，或者是(shi)進行股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)變(bian)更、股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)分配等(deng)操作，都可(ke)以從(cong)這些方(fang)(fang)案(an)中(zhong)獲取有(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)參考，從(cong)而幫助(zhu)企業構(gou)建合(he)理的(de)(de)股(gu)(gu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)架構(gou)。
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