被(bei)稱為(wei)“科學管理之(zhi)父(fu)和工(gong)業工(gong)程(cheng)之(zhi)父(fu)”的(de)(de)泰勒(Taylor.F.w，1856一1915)，出身于費(fei)城一個律師家庭。中(zhong)學時因夜讀過(guo)度，視力受損，雖考上哈佛(fo)大學亦(yi)未能就(jiu)讀。1875年(nian)進(jin)一家小廠(chang)當(dang)徒工(gong).三(san)年(nian)后(hou)轉人費(fei)城米德瓦(wa)爾(er)鋼鐵(tie)公司，先后(hou)當(dang)過(guo)勤雜工(gong)、機工(gong)、工(gong)長(chang)、設(she)計室(shi)主任(ren)等(deng)。1881年(nian)25歲(sui)時開(kai)始進(jin)行(xing)勞動(dong)時間研究，這就(jiu)是他后(hou)來創立(li)的(de)(de)管理科學的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。
一、泰勒面(mian)臨的問題及其思考
泰勒真(zhen)正開始觀察管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剛(gang)到米德(de)維爾工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)。由于泰勒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清教徒家庭所(suo)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀念和他發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)干活時磨洋(yang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作效率低(di)(di)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生了(le)很大沖突(tu)。在(zai)(zai)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)時，有些工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作早(zao)已(yi)實行了(le)計(ji)件(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)制，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由于雇主在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)率以后就(jiu)降(jiang)低(di)(di)計(ji)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單價，以致于誰也(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愿意多(duo)干活，于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)廠(chang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)計(ji)件(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)上(shang)又采用(yong)(yong)了(le)利潤分配制度以彌補計(ji)件(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)缺陷。但(dan)盡管(guan)如此(ci)，可工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)仍然絲毫(hao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愿多(duo)干活。從(cong)道理(li)(li)(li)上(shang)講工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可能不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)希望(wang)獲(huo)得較高(gao)(gao)收入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，所(suo)以采用(yong)(yong)計(ji)件(jian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)應(ying)該很容易達到目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)什么(me)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)提(ti)(ti)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)高(gao)(gao)？在(zai)(zai)泰勒看來(lai)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)只(zhi)達到當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)天能完成產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3。因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)泰勒是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)干起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，知道里面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)：這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由車間工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)自(zi)己商量(liang)(liang)(liang)決(jue)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)(zai)他起(qi)(qi)初當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)也(ye)(ye)(ye)從(cong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)打(da)破(po)這(zhe)(zhe)一定額。當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)他當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)后，就(jiu)對(dui)這(zhe)(zhe)一問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)進行了(le)深(shen)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思考，他認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由兩(liang)個(ge)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)引(yin)起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)：一個(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)經營(ying)者不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明智造成。如果(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)拼(pin)命(ming)干活產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)然會(hui)(hui)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收入(ru)(ru)也(ye)(ye)(ye)相應(ying)地(di)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)，看到這(zhe)(zhe)一情況經營(ying)者就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)調低(di)(di)單位(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)水(shui)平，于是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)引(yin)起(qi)(qi)單位(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)率下降(jiang)，致使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)非(fei)常努(nu)力地(di)干活也(ye)(ye)(ye)達不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到原(yuan)先的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)(zi)標準，這(zhe)(zhe)樣一來(lai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)就(jiu)把工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量(liang)(liang)(liang)定在(zai)(zai)只(zhi)要(yao)適當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)地(di)把活干到不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)被解雇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)程度就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)再繼續提(ti)(ti)高(gao)(gao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。所(suo)以從(cong)這(zhe)(zhe)方面看工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)磨洋(yang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)理(li)(li)(li)所(suo)當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事情了(le)。而另一方面工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)也(ye)(ye)(ye)存在(zai)(zai)著誤解。他們(men)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)如果(guo)(guo)過分努(nu)力工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，那么(me)同(tong)(tong)伴(ban)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)業機會(hui)(hui)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)減(jian)少。即是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)，如果(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)拼(pin)命(ming)干活就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)造成連已(yi)經有工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)也(ye)(ye)(ye)會(hui)(hui)失去(qu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，這(zhe)(zhe)樣一來(lai)從(cong)幫助同(tong)(tong)伴(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度上(shang)說(shuo)，努(nu)力增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必要(yao)性也(ye)(ye)(ye)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)存在(zai)(zai)了(le)。這(zhe)(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)努(nu)力工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收入(ru)(ru)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)，同(tong)(tong)時又失去(qu)了(le)同(tong)(tong)伴(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)友誼，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)誰都不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)愿干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)怠工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)并(bing)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個(ge)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)全國范圍內企業組(zu)織普(pu)遍存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)，也(ye)(ye)(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)泰勒當(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)(dang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)長(chang)(chang)以后必須要(yao)考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。
在泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)當工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)時(shi)(shi)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)雖然不(bu)(bu)是出于(yu)(yu)本(ben)意少(shao)干活(huo)，但(dan)他(ta)(ta)(ta)不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)遵(zun)守同(tong)事們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)矩。可(ke)(ke)(ke)是當上了(le)(le)管(guan)理(li)者(zhe)之后(hou)(hou)，他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任感驅使(shi)他(ta)(ta)(ta)下決(jue)(jue)心(xin)(xin)來(lai)解(jie)決(jue)(jue)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)問題。泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)開始向傳統(tong)挑戰，他(ta)(ta)(ta)要設法使(shi)車床(chuang)多生產(chan)出產(chan)品(pin)，而工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)則(ze)堅決(jue)(jue)不(bu)(bu)答應，于(yu)(yu)是在泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學管(guan)理(li)理(li)論(lun)誕生初期(qi)開始了(le)(le)一場持久艱苦(ku)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗爭。泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)首(shou)先(xian)自(zi)己(ji)上車床(chuang)做示范，以讓工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)認(ren)識到(dao)改進生產(chan)方式(shi)是可(ke)(ke)(ke)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。但(dan)是工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)拒(ju)絕(jue)改進，根本(ben)不(bu)(bu)肯加快工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)量還(huan)是維持在原來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平上。泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)又(you)想了(le)(le)一個(ge)辦(ban)法，他(ta)(ta)(ta)找來(lai)了(le)(le)一批聰明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、能(neng)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、過去(qu)沒有(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)會學機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手藝(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，苦(ku)口婆(po)心(xin)(xin)地教他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)怎樣(yang)開機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)，怎樣(yang)把工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)做得(de)(de)又(you)快又(you)好。經過一番苦(ku)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培訓(xun)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)批人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)學會了(le)(le)使(shi)用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)床(chuang)。他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)一開始向泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)保證達到(dao)一個(ge)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)量，但(dan)是當他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)完全掌握了(le)(le)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)門手藝(yi)后(hou)(hou)卻一個(ge)個(ge)加入了(le)(le)其他(ta)(ta)(ta)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行列，和(he)其他(ta)(ta)(ta)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)量變(bian)得(de)(de)一樣(yang)，并跟他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)一起(qi)和(he)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)作(zuo)(zuo)對(dui)。泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)責備他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)不(bu)(bu)遵(zun)守諾言，便(bian)扣了(le)(le)他(ta)(ta)(ta)們(men)一半的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)資。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)向經理(li)告狀，但(dan)因為(wei)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)早已(yi)和(he)經理(li)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)了(le)(le)事情的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原委，泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)取得(de)(de)了(le)(le)暫時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)勝(sheng)利(li)。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)經過長(chang)期(qi)反復的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗爭，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)終于(yu)(yu)認(ren)輸了(le)(le)，并且接受了(le)(le)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)量安排。可(ke)(ke)(ke)是每當要達到(dao)定額、或迫(po)使(shi)新手按(an)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)度生產(chan)時(shi)(shi)，就出現(xian)(xian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)故意破壞(huai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，以借此說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)負擔過重而發生毀壞(huai)，以便(bian)通過這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)一現(xian)(xian)象說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)所(suo)采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專制(zhi)(zhi)性措施來(lai)增加產(chan)量是愚蠢的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)最(zui)后(hou)(hou)沒有(you)辦(ban)法就制(zhi)(zhi)定了(le)(le)一條規(gui)則(ze)，凡是破壞(huai)機(ji)(ji)(ji)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)必須(xu)自(zi)己(ji)付出一部分修(xiu)理(li)費，否則(ze)就堅決(jue)(jue)辭退，并將這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)筆(bi)罰金(jin)(jin)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互(hu)助(zhu)金(jin)(jin)使(shi)用(yong)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)做法得(de)(de)到(dao)了(le)(le)經理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支持。工(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)反對(dui)失(shi)敗(bai)了(le)(le)，最(zui)終同(tong)意接受合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量。這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)場斗爭持續3年，最(zui)后(hou)(hou)以泰(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)(tai)勒(le)(le)勝(sheng)利(li)而告終。
泰(tai)勒(le)的(de)(de)(de)思想基礎(chu)是(shi)(shi)馬(ma)克斯.韋伯所稱的(de)(de)(de)那種清教(jiao)徒式的(de)(de)(de)美德，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種新型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)本(ben)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)精(jing)神(shen)，即以勤奮和(he)(he)(he)節約為(wei)宗旨的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)神(shen)，而與此相反的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況在泰(tai)勒(le)看來是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能容許的(de)(de)(de)。工(gong)人(ren)不(bu)(bu)盡力工(gong)作，是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種令(ling)人(ren)可憎的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)德問題，是(shi)(shi)品(pin)德敗(bai)壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)現。他甚至(zhi)認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)種罪惡(e)，這(zhe)(zhe)種罪惡(e)比機器或工(gong)人(ren)閑(xian)置不(bu)(bu)用(yong)還要(yao)可恨(hen)。這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)歷時(shi)3年泰(tai)勒(le)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)人(ren)斗爭(zheng)并堅持到底的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)在原因。從某種意義(yi)(yi)上來說，這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)兩種道(dao)德觀(guan)念和(he)(he)(he)價值觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)沖突(tu)(tu)，也(ye)反映出支撐資(zi)本(ben)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)大(da)廈(sha)的(de)(de)(de)三根精(jing)神(shen)支柱對資(zi)本(ben)主(zhu)義(yi)(yi)發(fa)展起(qi)著巨大(da)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。泰(tai)勒(le)在贏得這(zhe)(zhe)場斗爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)勝利后，不(bu)(bu)再采用(yong)罰(fa)款和(he)(he)(he)降低工(gong)資(zi)的(de)(de)(de)方法，而是(shi)(shi)建立了嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)(de)制度(du)。這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)促進了泰(tai)勒(le)對這(zhe)(zhe)場斗爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)思考，即如何(he)在實際工(gong)作中避免(mian)管理部門(men)和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)人(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)劇烈(lie)沖突(tu)(tu)。他認為(wei)有必要(yao)作出一(yi)種新的(de)(de)(de)設計，確定一(yi)個大(da)家都能接受的(de)(de)(de)客觀(guan)標準，這(zhe)(zhe)就是(shi)(shi)真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學管理思想。
泰勒對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)磨(mo)洋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)是這樣(yang)解釋(shi)的(de)(de)(de)：第(di)一，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)認識問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。認為加快工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)會使另外一些(xie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)找不到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。第(di)二，管(guan)理問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理制度存在(zai)(zai)著嚴重的(de)(de)(de)缺陷(xian)。第(di)三，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)傳統問(wen)題(ti)(ti)。由于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)們使用代(dai)代(dai)相傳的(de)(de)(de)單憑(ping)經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)方法。通過(guo)以上分(fen)析，泰勒覺(jue)得主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)是在(zai)(zai)管(guan)理部門，只(zhi)要管(guan)理部門能適當地(di)確定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)，提供適當的(de)(de)(de)激(ji)勵，便能減少怠工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、克服磨(mo)洋工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)象，但(dan)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)真正困難是如何切實(shi)為每(mei)項(xiang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)規定(ding)一個完(wan)全公正的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準，即怎樣(yang)取合理的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)量"。這就必(bi)須(xu)從事實(shi)出發(fa)，通過(guo)科學的(de)(de)(de)試驗(yan)來找出這個含(han)有深(shen)刻(ke)科學意義的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準來。
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