一、概述
近幾(ji)年來,隨著石(shi)油(you)在(zai)(zai)高速增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟中所占的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位(wei)越(yue)來越(yue)重要(yao),石(shi)油(you)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)規模也(ye)在(zai)(zai)不斷(duan)增加,在(zai)(zai)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)中,如何(he)控制(zhi)(zhi)投(tou)資(zi)(zi),達到(dao)總投(tou)資(zi)(zi)不超概算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)目(mu)標(biao)(biao),變(bian)得異常(chang)重要(yao)。眾所周(zhou)之,任何(he)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)都離不開質量(liang)、進度(du)、投(tou)資(zi)(zi)這三大控制(zhi)(zhi)點,如何(he)在(zai)(zai)保證(zheng)質量(liang)和工(gong)(gong)期進度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下控制(zhi)(zhi)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)已成為(wei)當(dang)前一(yi)個重要(yao)課(ke)題。長期以來,對于工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi),人(ren)們普遍認為(wei)主要(yao)是在(zai)(zai)建(jian)設(she)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)施階(jie)(jie)段(duan),忽視建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個環(huan)節的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造價(jia)管(guan)理,錯誤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認為(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)需要(yao)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)力、物力、財力的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入,控制(zhi)(zhi)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費用支出也(ye)就控制(zhi)(zhi)了(le)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)。其實(shi),工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)有多(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素(su)組成,投(tou)資(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)由投(tou)資(zi)(zi)決策階(jie)(jie)段(duan)、項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)實(shi)施階(jie)(jie)段(duan)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算階(jie)(jie)段(duan),多(duo)節點控制(zhi)(zhi),才能達到(dao)既定目(mu)標(biao)(biao)。
二、項目前期階(jie)段(duan)
項目前期階段中(zhong)合理控制工程造(zao)價,需從控制概算、大宗材(cai)料采購管理、施工單位確定等(deng)方(fang)面做(zuo)起。
(1)控制概(gai)算,首(shou)先(xian)要(yao)(yao)深(shen)入現場(chang),搜(sou)集(ji)工(gong)程的(de)有關資(zi)料,對(dui)工(gong)程進行(xing)多方案分析比(bi)較,從而(er)提出(chu)最優方案。最優方案不僅在技術上要(yao)(yao)先(xian)進、可(ke)行(xing),而(er)且(qie)在經(jing)濟上要(yao)(yao)合(he)理。一般來說,工(gong)程前期階段(duan)要(yao)(yao)詳細對(dui)現場(chang)進行(xing)踏勘,不僅要(yao)(yao)有技術人員參與,更要(yao)(yao)有經(jing)濟人員隨(sui)同(tong),要(yao)(yao)從征地(di)賠(pei)償、設備選型、各項(xiang)評價、項(xiang)目施(shi)工(gong)、水工(gong)保(bao)護(hu)等方面(mian)詳細計(ji)列子項(xiang),做到概(gai)算不漏項(xiang)。
(2)嚴格大(da)宗材料采(cai)購(gou)(gou)管理(li)。對大(da)宗材料、關鍵設備由(you)業(ye)主自(zi)行(xing)采(cai)購(gou)(gou),以(yi)(yi)降低采(cai)購(gou)(gou)價(jia)格,同(tong)時(shi)利于(yu)保(bao)證供(gong)貨質量(liang)。同(tong)時(shi),以(yi)(yi)嚴格規范的(de)(de)招標采(cai)辦(ban)為(wei)物資(zi)采(cai)辦(ban)的(de)(de)主要形式,委托(tuo)專業(ye)機構進行(xing)物資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)供(gong)應專項管理(li),認真制定物資(zi)采(cai)購(gou)(gou)和調撥計劃,提高(gao)物資(zi)中(zhong)轉(zhuan)效率(lv),減少物資(zi)倉儲管理(li)成本。
(3)施工(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)確定。為適應(ying)(ying)大型工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設(she)項目(mu)管理,科(ke)學合理有效地控制工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投(tou)(tou)資(zi),應(ying)(ying)當采用與國際慣例接軌的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)模式,嚴格執行國家《建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價規(gui)范(fan)》的(de)規(gui)定,較(jiao)好地適應(ying)(ying)工(gong)(gong)期(qi)緊(jin)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量大的(de)建(jian)設(she)需求。近年來(lai)隨著(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)招投(tou)(tou)標(biao)在(zai)石油工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)不斷應(ying)(ying)用,遵照(zhao)FIDIC合同條(tiao)款,針(zhen)對招標(biao)實際情況,對招標(biao)文件(jian)不斷地修改(gai)、完善,使招標(biao)文件(jian)更(geng)加規(gui)范(fan)科(ke)學,使工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)計價的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量相對準確、更(geng)具有可操(cao)作性,同時加大了業主和承(cheng)包商共擔風(feng)險的(de)力度。
原油(you)儲備油(you)庫(ku)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招標(biao)所用工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清單(dan)(dan)報價(jia)(jia)分(fen)別由投(tou)標(biao)報價(jia)(jia)匯(hui)總表(biao)(biao)(biao)、施工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清單(dan)(dan)單(dan)(dan)項報價(jia)(jia)表(biao)(biao)(biao)、其(qi)(qi)他費用報價(jia)(jia)表(biao)(biao)(biao)、綜合單(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)分(fen)析表(biao)(biao)(biao)、其(qi)(qi)他費用報價(jia)(jia)明細(xi)表(biao)(biao)(biao)組成,并(bing)且對每張表(biao)(biao)(biao)的(de)填報要求作了(le)嚴格規定和詳(xiang)細(xi)說明。在招標(biao)文件中,根據招標(biao)圖紙按照工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)計價(jia)(jia)特(te)征提(ti)供(gong)統一(yi)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)(liang)清單(dan)(dan),此清單(dan)(dan)貫(guan)穿(chuan)于招標(biao)投(tou)標(biao)全(quan)過程(cheng)和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設全(quan)過程(cheng),并(bing)作為測算標(biao)底、投(tou)標(biao)報價(jia)(jia)、索(suo)賠(pei)與反(fan)索(suo)賠(pei)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進度款支付等的(de)統一(yi)依(yi)據。
為(wei)(wei)了防(fang)止(zhi)不平衡(heng)報價(jia)(jia)及惡(e)性報價(jia)(jia),項目部在招投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)過程中引入了符合(he)(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)的規定:復合(he)(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)=業主(zhu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)×50%+投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)有效(xiao)報價(jia)(jia)平均值×50%;復合(he)(he)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)=業主(zhu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)單(dan)項報價(jia)(jia)×50%+投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)單(dan)項有效(xiao)報價(jia)(jia)平均值×50%;如(ru)果投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報價(jia)(jia)超(chao)出或低于各(ge)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)報價(jia)(jia)平均值50%的投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報價(jia)(jia)不作為(wei)(wei)復合(he)(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)底(di)的計算依據。這(zhe)樣投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)投(tou)(tou)(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)報價(jia)(jia)時就(jiu)會慎重考慮(lv),據實報價(jia)(jia)。
為體現公(gong)(gong)開、公(gong)(gong)正、公(gong)(gong)平的(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)原則,在開標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)前需(xu)要制訂詳細(xi)的(de)評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)程序和(he)文(wen)件,規定評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)紀律和(he)保密守則、細(xi)化評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)分辦法和(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準。通常以”綜(zong)合評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)估(gu)法“進行評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao),即商務(wu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)分值占評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)總(zong)分的(de)60%,技術標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)分值占評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)總(zong)分的(de)40% 。通過對(dui)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人的(de)施工(gong)組織設計、業主關注問題(ti)的(de)建議、投標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)人的(de)不可替代施工(gong)人員、設備和(he)同(tong)類工(gong)程工(gong)作經(jing)驗、商務(wu)報價的(de)合理性(xing)和(he)完整性(xing)等方(fang)面進行綜(zong)合評(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)價。
按照上(shang)述招標規定(ding)和評標細則所評出的(de)中(zhong)標候選人,不但在施工(gong)技術方案(an)可行、設(she)備(bei)裝備(bei)優(you)良、施工(gong)業績突出,而且(qie)報價(jia)處于中(zhong)等偏低的(de)水平,體現(xian)了國際通行的(de)”合理低價(jia)中(zhong)標”原則。
通(tong)過推廣工程量清單(dan)招標,可(ke)有效(xiao)地降低和控制工程投(tou)資,提高工程造(zao)價管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)工作的水平,有效(xiao)地實現“公(gong)平競(jing)爭(zheng)、風(feng)險合理(li)(li)(li)分擔、投(tou)資的合理(li)(li)(li)控制、提高工作效(xiao)率提高施工企業的技(ji)術和管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)水平等項目管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)目標。
三(san)、項目實施(shi)階(jie)段
首先(xian),嚴(yan)格合(he)同(tong)管理,保(bao)證工(gong)程投資的有效控制。
1)所有(you)合(he)(he)同(tong)必須經過合(he)(he)同(tong)管理(li)系統流轉審批,嚴格合(he)(he)同(tong)會簽制(zhi)度,廣泛征求意見(jian),避免(mian)合(he)(he)同(tong)條款的漏洞給成(cheng)本控制(zhi)帶來風險。
2)合同應由專人負責保管,專人負責所有(you)工程合同的審核、保管、存(cun)檔工作。
3)施工、監理、設(she)計等合同(tong)(tong),均由造(zao)價部(bu)門負責(ze)組(zu)織會(hui)審、談(tan)判和簽訂(ding);征地合同(tong)(tong)以及其他等合同(tong)(tong),可以由業務(wu)主(zhu)管部(bu)門負責(ze)組(zu)織,必要(yao)時造(zao)價部(bu)門應參與(yu)合同(tong)(tong)談(tan)判過程。
4)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)會簽記錄、合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)變更備忘錄、合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)價(jia)格的(de)(de)形成(cheng)依(yi)據等原始(shi)記錄要隨合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)一(yi)起保管,做到(dao)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)責任的(de)(de)可(ke)追(zhui)蹤性。對(dui)于談(tan)判(pan)發包的(de)(de)合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong),談(tan)判(pan)過程(cheng)的(de)(de)書(shu)面記錄應作(zuo)為合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)依(yi)據隨合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)保存(cun)。談(tan)判(pan)過程(cheng)中的(de)(de)報價(jia)文件應由工程(cheng)經濟專業人(ren)員簽署和蓋章(zhang),作(zuo)為合(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)組成(cheng)部分保存(cun)。
其次,控制施工(gong)圖階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)變(bian)更(geng),減(jian)少(shao)變(bian)更(geng)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)索賠(pei)(pei)給(gei)工(gong)程(cheng)成(cheng)本過(guo)程(cheng)控制帶來的(de)(de)(de)(de)不確定性。制定嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)更(geng)、簽(qian)證(zheng)管(guan)理程(cheng)序,明(ming)確簽(qian)證(zheng)責任,避免承包商的(de)(de)(de)(de)不合(he)理索賠(pei)(pei)和(he)虛假索賠(pei)(pei)。對(dui)(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)現場工(gong)程(cheng)量(liang)變(bian)更(geng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)索賠(pei)(pei)簽(qian)證(zheng),應由工(gong)程(cheng)專業人(ren)員在現場進行(xing)確認(ren)。對(dui)(dui)索賠(pei)(pei)簽(qian)證(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時效性,在合(he)同中作出(chu)明(ming)確規定,特別是隱(yin)蔽(bi)工(gong)程(cheng)和(he)土建(jian)工(gong)程(cheng)等事后難(nan)以準確計(ji)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目,簽(qian)證(zheng)人(ren)員要在施工(gong)前(qian)、施工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中進行(xing)現場核查(cha)測(ce)量(liang),變(bian)更(geng)項目完(wan)成(cheng)后及時進行(xing)簽(qian)證(zheng)確認(ren)。
再次(ci),由于大型工程項目(mu)(mu)一般均為(wei)跨年(nian)度工程,所以要認真編制年(nian)度投資(zi)(zi)計(ji)劃(hua),制定科學合理(li)的(de)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)使用(yong)(yong)需(xu)求計(ji)劃(hua),認真編制季度投資(zi)(zi)計(ji)劃(hua)。根據工程項目(mu)(mu)的(de)進(jin)度分析編報月(yue)度資(zi)(zi)金(jin)計(ji)劃(hua),做到既保證(zheng)資(zi)(zi)金(jin)的(de)及時到位又(you)最大限度地(di)減(jian)少流動資(zi)(zi)金(jin)的(de)占用(yong)(yong)。
最后,嚴格執行目標(biao)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)責(ze)(ze)任制,根據工(gong)(gong)程總造價,采取指標(biao)分(fen)解的(de)方式對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程概算和(he)各項費用進行指標(biao)控(kong)(kong)制,并將目標(biao)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制責(ze)(ze)任落實(shi)到(dao)部(bu)門、落實(shi)到(dao)崗位、落實(shi)到(dao)個人,使(shi)工(gong)(gong)程成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制達(da)到(dao)全員(yuan)管理、全過程控(kong)(kong)制,保證工(gong)(gong)程概算的(de)完成(cheng)(cheng)。
四、項(xiang)目結算階段
工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)決算(suan)(suan)(suan)審核是一(yi)項十(shi)分重要的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo),它直接關系到甲乙雙方的(de)(de)經濟(ji)利益(yi)。對(dui)建設單位來(lai)說,要精(jing)打細(xi)算(suan)(suan)(suan),盡可能(neng)(neng)降低工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia);對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)單位而言,為了追求經濟(ji)效益(yi),通常多報結算(suan)(suan)(suan)以增加工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)。因(yin)此(ci),從某(mou)種意義(yi)來(lai)講,工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)決算(suan)(suan)(suan)審核實(shi)際上是雙方技(ji)(ji)術能(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)較量(liang)。建設單位的(de)(de)預算(suan)(suan)(suan)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan),不(bu)但要熟練掌握工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)計算(suan)(suan)(suan)規(gui)則、定(ding)(ding)額子目的(de)(de)組成內容(rong)和套用(yong)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)計算(suan)(suan)(suan)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序,而且還要掌握三者的(de)(de)編制原理、內在(zai)聯系,唯此(ci)在(zai)應用(yong)中才能(neng)(neng)融會貫(guan)通、得(de)心應手。此(ci)外(wai),造價(jia)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)還應有(you)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術知識,既(ji)能(neng)(neng)對(dui)現(xian)場(chang)施工(gong)(gong)提出(chu)合理化建議,又可對(dui)簽證中的(de)(de)不(bu)合理因(yin)素提出(chu)質疑(yi)。另外(wai),造價(jia)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)還要有(you)耐心細(xi)致(zhi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)作(zuo)風(feng),經常下工(gong)(gong)地(di)了解(jie)現(xian)場(chang)情況(kuang),掌握工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)動態(tai)。
五、結論(lun)
根據(ju)(ju)上述分(fen)析我們可以(yi)看出,造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)各個環(huan)節均(jun)會對工程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成產生影(ying)響,只(zhi)有(you)(you)在項目建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)各個階段(duan),采用科學的(de)(de)(de)計價(jia)(jia)(jia)方法(fa)和切合(he)(he)實際的(de)(de)(de)計價(jia)(jia)(jia)依據(ju)(ju),細(xi)化初步設(she)計概算,利用清單報價(jia)(jia)(jia)進(jin)行招投標、嚴(yan)格合(he)(he)同管理與材料管理環(huan)節,據(ju)(ju)實控(kong)(kong)(kong)制變更簽證,合(he)(he)理進(jin)行結算,才能對工程造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成具有(you)(you)決定性(xing)作用,控(kong)(kong)(kong)制好這幾個環(huan)節就能有(you)(you)效控(kong)(kong)(kong)制造(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。
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