隨著市(shi)場(chang)經濟(ji)逐步建立和(he)發展,工程(cheng)造價管(guan)理也出現一些新(xin)情況(kuang)、新(xin)問(wen)題,如何采取(qu)有(you)效措(cuo)施,使工程(cheng)造價管(guan)理盡快納入(ru)規范化(hua)、系統化(hua)、法制化(hua)軌道,已是當(dang)務之急。
1 工(gong)程(cheng)造價管理存在(zai)的主(zhu)要問(wen)題(ti)
1.1 沒有(you)形成(cheng)完(wan)善的、系統的全(quan)過程造(zao)價管理(li)體(ti)系
我(wo)國(guo)現(xian)行(xing)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)管理(li)制(zhi)度是在(zai)(zai)五十年代形成、八(ba)十年代完善起來的。表(biao)現(xian)為(wei)(wei)國(guo)家直接參與和管理(li)經濟(ji)活動。隨著(zhu)計(ji)劃經濟(ji)向(xiang)市場經濟(ji)的轉(zhuan)變(bian),工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)管理(li)部門的職能(neng)沒有(you)隨著(zhu)形勢(shi)發展及時轉(zhuan)變(bian), 即實(shi)現(xian)由靜態管理(li)向(xiang)動態管理(li)、由微觀控(kong)制(zhi)為(wei)(wei)主向(xiang)宏觀調控(kong)為(wei)(wei)主的轉(zhuan)變(bian)。市場調節的作用對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的影響越來越大。但(dan)是,無(wu)論是政府公告還是市場信(xin)息都普遍滯后于(yu)應用時期(qi), 很難做到對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設全(quan)過程(cheng)動態地造價(jia)管理(li), 造成工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設各階(jie)段和各環節的造價(jia)確定(ding)和控(kong)制(zhi)脫節。另外(wai),由于(yu)申報建(jian)(jian)設項(xiang)目(mu)能(neng)否立項(xiang)要受審(shen)批權限(xian)的制(zhi)約, 一些(xie)地方和部門為(wei)(wei)了爭(zheng)上項(xiang)目(mu)和爭(zheng)取(qu)貸(dai)款,而設計(ji)單(dan)位為(wei)(wei)了多招攬業務,在(zai)(zai)可行(xing)性研究和初步設計(ji)階(jie)段往往缺乏實(shi)事求是的精神,故意漏(lou)項(xiang),人為(wei)(wei)地壓低投資估(gu)算和概(gai)算,使其控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)有(you)關部門的審(shen)批權限(xian)內。這樣的項(xiang)目(mu),一旦批準立項(xiang),施工(gong)(gong)(gong)后便(bian)以種(zhong)種(zhong)理(li)由追加投資,使工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投資難以控(kong)制(zhi)。
1.2 定額(e)已不適應市場變(bian)化(hua)
現行的定(ding)額(e)及取(qu)費標準(zhun)是由政(zheng)府有(you)關(guan)機(ji)(ji)構組織(zhi)專門機(ji)(ji)構進行勘測制(zhi)定(ding)的, 它反映的是一定(ding)時期(qi)內社會生產(chan)力發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)水平,整個定(ding)額(e)體系從(cong)查測到頒(ban)發(fa)(fa)實(shi)施歷時較(jiao)久,更新(xin)周(zhou)期(qi)較(jiao)長。而在這(zhe)一過程中,施工手(shou)段(duan)和施工方法(fa)日趨先進,市場(chang)條件(jian)不(bu)斷變化,現行定(ding)額(e)不(bu)能準(zhun)確地反映當時當地的實(shi)際工程造價,定(ding)額(e)已不(bu)適應市場(chang)變化。
1.3 定額費用混淆(xiao)
現(xian)行定額費(fei)用內(nei)容繁(fan)多,當投(tou)標(biao)單位采用統一定額和(he)取(qu)(qu)費(fei)標(biao)準編制(zhi)(zhi)報價(jia)中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao)后,由于定額內(nei)容、費(fei)用內(nei)容與(yu)實際的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)和(he)方法(fa)脫節,合(he)同(tong)(tong)單價(jia)不能作為施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)成本(ben)支出(chu)的(de)依據。因此,許(xu)多施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業要(yao)(yao)在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期間回(hui)歸自(zi)身的(de)實際水平,就要(yao)(yao)在總造(zao)價(jia)內(nei)調劑平衡,編制(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)部預算單價(jia),進行成本(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi),這(zhe)樣往往使許(xu)多費(fei)用難以(yi)平衡,費(fei)用混淆,造(zao)成施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)成本(ben)管(guan)(guan)理(li)失控。有些地區(qu)和(he)行業,取(qu)(qu)費(fei)費(fei)率按施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業資質(zhi)等級(ji)劃(hua)分,造(zao)成了同(tong)(tong)一工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程,不同(tong)(tong)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)不一致的(de)局面,以(yi)致出(chu)現(xian)了高資質(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業中(zhong)(zhong)標(biao),然后再轉包給級(ji)別低的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)隊伍,以(yi)從中(zhong)(zhong)獲取(qu)(qu)級(ji)差的(de)現(xian)象。
2 控制工程造(zao)價的(de)措施
2.1 決(jue)策階段(duan)工程(cheng)造(zao)價的控(kong)制
工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的確(que)定與控制貫穿于(yu)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),可以說決策(ce)階(jie)段的項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)決策(ce)內容是決定工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的基礎,工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的各項(xiang)技術經濟決策(ce), 對項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)的工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)有著(zhu)重大的影(ying)響(xiang),特別是建設(she)(she)(she)(she)標準水平的確(que)定、建設(she)(she)(she)(she)地點(dian)的選擇(ze)、工(gong)藝的選擇(ze)、設(she)(she)(she)(she)備(bei)的選用(yong)等,都直接關系到(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的高低(di)。據有關資(zi)(zi)料,在項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)各階(jie)段中,投資(zi)(zi)決策(ce)階(jie)段對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)的影(ying)響(xiang)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度最高, 可達(da)到(dao)70%~80%。因此,應在投資(zi)(zi)決策(ce)階(jie)段采取有效措施控制造(zao)(zao)(zao)價(jia)(jia)。
2.1.1 積極做好項目決策前(qian)的準備工作。認真(zhen)搜(sou)集有關資(zi)料,如設備運行情況、設備技術參數、需要解決的問題等。
2.1.2 切(qie)實做好項目(mu)可(ke)行(xing)性研究報告。根據市(shi)場需(xu)求(qiu)及發展前景合理(li)確(que)定工程(cheng)的規模及建筑標準,編(bian)寫具有較強說(shuo)服力(li)和可(ke)行(xing)性的立項申請,爭取項目(mu)早日立項。
2.1.3 科學(xue)進行工程項目的(de)效(xiao)益分(fen)析,編(bian)制(zhi)工程投(tou)(tou)資估算(suan)。投(tou)(tou)資估算(suan)編(bian)制(zhi)要有依(yi)據,要盡可能細致、全(quan)面。從現實(shi)出(chu)發,充分(fen)考慮(lv)到施工過程中可能出(chu)現的(de)各種情(qing)況(kuang)及不利因素對工程造價的(de)影(ying)響,考慮(lv)市場情(qing)況(kuang)及建設期間預留價格(ge)浮動(dong)系數,使投(tou)(tou)資基本(ben)上符合實(shi)際(ji)并留有余(yu)地,使投(tou)(tou)資估算(suan)真正起到控制(zhi)項目總投(tou)(tou)資的(de)作用。
2.2 設(she)計階段工程造價的控制
設(she)(she)計階(jie)段是確定(ding)與控制工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價的重點(dian)階(jie)段。盡管設(she)(she)計費(fei)在建(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)費(fei)用中只占1.5%—2%,但對(dui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價的影響(xiang)可達75%以上(shang)。由(you)此可見(jian),設(she)(she)計質量的好(hao)差直接影響(xiang)建(jian)設(she)(she)費(fei)用的多少。合理(li)科(ke)學的設(she)(she)計,可降低工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價10%左右,但在工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)(she)計中不(bu)少設(she)(she)計人員(yuan)重技術、輕(qing)經濟,任意提高安全系(xi)數或(huo)設(she)(she)計標準,而對(dui)經濟上(shang)的合理(li)性考(kao)慮得較少,從(cong)根(gen)本(ben)上(shang)影響(xiang)了項目成本(ben)的有效(xiao)控制。有效(xiao)的方法是:
2.2.1 實行設(she)計(ji)方(fang)案(an)(an)招(zhao)標。擇(ze)優選擇(ze)設(she)計(ji)單位,積(ji)極推行建(jian)筑方(fang)案(an)(an)與經(jing)濟方(fang)案(an)(an)相結合的設(she)計(ji)招(zhao)標方(fang)法, 設(she)計(ji)方(fang)案(an)(an)采用(yong)招(zhao)投標制(zhi)將會促使設(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)增強風險意識(shi)并(bing)自覺運用(yong)價值工(gong)程對(dui)方(fang)案(an)(an)進行優化設(she)計(ji), 提高設(she)計(ji)水(shui)平和經(jing)濟核算質量。
2.2.2 推(tui)行限額設(she)計(ji),加(jia)強(qiang)動態管理。積極(ji)推(tui)行限額設(she)計(ji), 健全(quan)設(she)計(ji)經濟責任制(zhi)(zhi), 把技(ji)術和經濟有機地結合起來(lai), 并(bing)嚴(yan)格控制(zhi)(zhi)設(she)計(ji)變更, 以保證投資(zi)限額不輕易被(bei)突破(po)。這就(jiu)要求設(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)應熟悉掌握建筑(zhu)工(gong)程預算(suan)定額及費(fei)用定額,熟悉建筑(zhu)材料預算(suan)價格,然(ran)后(hou)按項(xiang)目投資(zi)估(gu)算(suan)控制(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)步設(she)計(ji)概(gai)算(suan), 再用初(chu)步設(she)計(ji)概(gai)算(suan)控制(zhi)(zhi)施工(gong)圖設(she)計(ji)概(gai)算(suan)。
2.2.3 采(cai)(cai)用合(he)同措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi),有效控(kong)制(zhi)造(zao)價(jia)。針(zhen)對目前(qian)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)人員(yuan)經濟觀念(nian)淡薄、設計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更快(kuai)的(de)現(xian)狀,應在(zai)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)合(he)同經濟條款上,增加設計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更及(ji)修(xiu)改的(de)費用額度限制(zhi)條款,如(ru)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)變更費超(chao)出(chu)施(shi)工合(he)同價(jia)的(de)某一比例(如(ru)3%)時,則扣罰(fa)一定(ding)比例的(de)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)費。采(cai)(cai)取一定(ding)的(de)約束力是(shi)對設計(ji)(ji)(ji)規(gui)范、設計(ji)(ji)(ji)標準(zhun)、工程量(liang)與概預算指(zhi)標等(deng)各方(fang)面控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)一種舉措(cuo)(cuo)。
2.3 招標投標階段的造價控(kong)制
工程招(zhao)標(biao)包括施工招(zhao)標(biao)和(he)設備、材(cai)料采購(gou)招(zhao)標(biao)兩(liang)個(ge)方(fang)面(mian),通(tong)過招(zhao)標(biao)擇(ze)優選擇(ze)施工單位和(he)材(cai)料供(gong)應(ying)商,這對項目投資乃至質量、進(jin)度(du)的控制都有(you)至關重(zhong)要的作用,在此過程中應(ying)注意以下(xia)幾點:
2.3.1 招標工作應(ying)遵循(xun)公(gong)(gong)平、公(gong)(gong)開、公(gong)(gong)正、誠信的原則。招標前,應(ying)嚴格審查投標單位資質(zhi),必要時(shi)進行實(shi)地考察,避免“特級企(qi)業(ye)投標,一級企(qi)業(ye)轉包,二級企(qi)業(ye)進場”等不正常(chang)現象,這對(dui)項目成本(ben)控制非常(chang)不利。
2.3.2 做(zuo)好招(zhao)標文件的(de)編制工(gong)作。造(zao)價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理人員應(ying)收集、積(ji)累、篩選、分(fen)析和(he)總結各(ge)類(lei)有價(jia)(jia)值的(de)數據(ju)、資料,對(dui)影響(xiang)工(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)的(de)各(ge)種(zhong)因素進行鑒別、預測、分(fen)析、評價(jia)(jia),然后編制招(zhao)標文件。對(dui)招(zhao)標文件中涉及(ji)費用的(de)條款要反復推敲,盡量做(zuo)到“知己知彼”,以利于日(ri)后的(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)控(kong)制。
2.3.3 做好合同(tong)的(de)簽(qian)定(ding)(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)。應按合同(tong)內容明確協議(yi)條款,對合同(tong)中涉及的(de)費(fei)用如工(gong)期、價款的(de)結算(suan)方(fang)式、違約(yue)爭議(yi)處理等,都(dou)應有(you)明確的(de)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)。
2.4 施(shi)工階段的造價控制
施工階段是資金投入的最大階段, 是招投標(biao)工作的延伸,是合同的具體化。加強(qiang)施工控(kong)制,就是加強(qiang)履約行為的管理。
2.4.1 抓好(hao)合(he)同管理,減少(shao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)索賠。在施工(gong)(gong)(gong)階段,成本控(kong)制的(de)關鍵是(shi)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更實行有效控(kong)制。針對目前(qian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量清(qing)單報價(jia)(jia)(jia),施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位往往采取“低價(jia)(jia)(jia)中標,索賠贏(ying)利” 的(de)方式承攬工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。作為(wei)業主(zhu)方造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)管理人員要(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)事前(qian)把關,主(zhu)動監控(kong),嚴格審核工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更,計算各(ge)項變更對總投資的(de)影響,從(cong)使用功能、經濟美觀等角度確定是(shi)否需要(yao)進行工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更,減少(shao)不必要(yao)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)費用支出,避免(mian)投資失控(kong)。
2.4.2 從(cong)工(gong)程管(guan)理(li)機制上(shang)健全投(tou)資控制系(xi)統(tong)。從(cong)管(guan)理(li)模式(shi)上(shang)著手, 建立建設監(jian)(jian)理(li)制, 追求(qiu)項(xiang)目投(tou)資的有效控制, 按照監(jian)(jian)理(li)規定和實施(shi)細則, 完善職責分工(gong)及有關制度, 落實責任, 從(cong)工(gong)程管(guan)理(li)機制上(shang)建立健全投(tou)資控制系(xi)統(tong)。
2.4.3 從技(ji)術措(cuo)施(shi)上展開項(xiang)目投資(zi)的(de)有(you)效控制。對(dui)主(zhu)要施(shi)工技(ji)術方案在做好(hao)論證(zheng)的(de)基礎(chu)上,廣泛應用新(xin)材(cai)料、新(xin)工藝、新(xin)技(ji)術,想方設(she)法在技(ji)術上實施(shi)項(xiang)目投資(zi)的(de)有(you)效控制。據統計,材(cai)料費(fei)(fei)一般占直接工程費(fei)(fei)的(de)70%左(zuo)右。同時,直接費(fei)(fei)的(de)高低影響到間接費(fei)(fei)的(de)高低,因此(ci),選用新(xin)工藝、新(xin)材(cai)料、新(xin)技(ji)術,是提高勞動生產率和縮短工期的(de)有(you)力保證(zheng)。
2.5 竣工(gong)階段的(de)造價(jia)控制(zhi)
竣工(gong)(gong)階段是成本控制的(de)最后(hou)階段。竣工(gong)(gong)決算(suan)是反映建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)際(ji)造(zao)價(jia)和投(tou)資(zi)效(xiao)果(guo)的(de)文件。及時、準確(que)地對竣工(gong)(gong)決算(suan)審核,對于總結(jie)分析建(jian)設(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)經驗教訓,提高工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管理水平(ping)都具有重要意義(yi)。在確(que)定工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)時,堅持以現行(xing)的(de)計價(jia)規范為依據(ju),按照施(shi)工(gong)(gong)合同和招標文件的(de)規定,根據(ju)竣工(gong)(gong)圖(tu),結(jie)合現場簽證和設(she)計變更(geng)進行(xing)審核。同時要堅持深(shen)入現場, 掌握工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)動態,了解(jie)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是否按圖(tu)紙和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)變更(geng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong),細(xi)致認真(zhen)地核對,確(que)保工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)算(suan)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang),提高投(tou)資(zi)效(xiao)益(yi)。
3 結束語
綜上所述,工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個動態的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),涉及到工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)諸多(duo)方面(mian),它與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中每個環節緊密相連,控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價不僅是(shi)領導者(zhe)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術(shu)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)職責,而且是(shi)每一(yi)(yi)位工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設參與者(zhe)份內之事。提(ti)(ti)高(gao)造價人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)素質,提(ti)(ti)高(gao)技術(shu)經濟(ji)分析論證(zheng)能力,提(ti)(ti)高(gao)設計(ji)產品的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)性能,增強企業市場(chang)競爭力,為(wei)企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)長遠發展奠定(ding)基礎。
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