一(yi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)基本(ben)概念與分(fen)(fen)類(lei) 1. 基本(ben)概念 - 在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術(shu)中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)組(zu)成(cheng)部分(fen)(fen)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)有著(zhu)各自不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)，它們協同(tong)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)，實現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)設備如計算機、手機等的(de)(de)(de)各種功(gong)能(neng)，包括信息處理(li)、信號轉換(huan)放大(da)、設備供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)能(neng)源管(guan)理(li)等。例如，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流有阻(zu)(zu)(zu)礙作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)能(neng)夠儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)可(ke)產生(sheng)(sheng)磁場，晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)管(guan)可(ke)放大(da)或(huo)開關信號，集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路是將多個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)在一(yi)個(ge)芯片上。 2. 分(fen)(fen)類(lei) - 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)：是限制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流通過的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)，分(fen)(fen)類(lei)多樣。按材(cai)料分(fen)(fen)有碳膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)、金屬膜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)、線繞電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)、熱敏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)等；按結構分(fen)(fen)有固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)和(he)可(ke)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)器(qi)；按功(gong)率(lv)分(fen)(fen)有1/16W、1/8W、1/4W（常用(yong)）、1/2W、1W、2W、3W等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)單位換(huan)算為1MΩ(兆(zhao)歐(ou)姆) = 1000KΩ（千歐(ou)姆）=1000000Ω(歐(ou)姆)，其(qi)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)值(zhi)大(da)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)標示有直(zhi)接(jie)用(yong)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)表示的(de)(de)(de)，也有用(yong)顏色(se)作(zuo)(zuo)代碼(ma)間接(jie)表示的(de)(de)(de)，如四道色(se)環電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)、五道色(se)環電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)等，不同(tong)顏色(se)對(dui)應不同(tong)數(shu)(shu)值(zhi)和(he)誤差值(zhi)。 - 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)：儲存電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)，分(fen)(fen)為固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)和(he)可(ke)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)。 - 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)：產生(sheng)(sheng)磁場的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)，分(fen)(fen)為固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)和(he)可(ke)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。 - 晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)管(guan)：放大(da)或(huo)開關信號的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)，分(fen)(fen)為雙極型晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)管(guan)和(he)場效應晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)管(guan)。 - 集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路：將多個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)在一(yi)個(ge)芯片上的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)，分(fen)(fen)為模擬集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和(he)數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。 - 傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)：檢測物理(li)量變化的(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)，分(fen)(fen)為溫度傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)、壓力傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)、光傳(chuan)(chuan)感(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)器(qi)等。
二、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)型(xing)(xing)和(he)采購(gou) 1. 選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)型(xing)(xing) - 在(zai)進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)型(xing)(xing)時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)根據具體的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)要(yao)(yao)求。例如(ru)對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，要(yao)(yao)考慮其阻值(zhi)、功(gong)率、精度等(deng)因素。如(ru)果電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中需(xu)要(yao)(yao)一個阻值(zhi)為100Ω、功(gong)率為1/4W、精度較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻，就不(bu)能(neng)(neng)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇阻值(zhi)偏(pian)差(cha)大、功(gong)率不(bu)符合要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻。對于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)，要(yao)(yao)考慮其容(rong)(rong)值(zhi)、耐壓值(zhi)等(deng)。在(zai)高(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中，可能(neng)(neng)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)(xuan)(xuan)擇高(gao)頻特性好的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)。 2. 采購(gou) - 采購(gou)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)考慮供(gong)應(ying)商的(de)(de)(de)信譽。可靠的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)應(ying)商能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)提供(gong)質(zhi)量穩(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)。同時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)關注(zhu)元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)價格(ge)、供(gong)貨周(zhou)期(qi)等(deng)。如(ru)果一個項(xiang)目急需(xu)某種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)，那么供(gong)貨周(zhou)期(qi)短的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)應(ying)商就更有(you)優(you)勢。而(er)且要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意元器(qi)(qi)(qi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量標(biao)準，例如(ru)是否符合相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)國際標(biao)準或行(xing)業標(biao)準。
三、電子元(yuan)(yuan)器件的測(ce)試和檢(jian)驗 1. 測(ce)試 - 對(dui)于(yu)電阻(zu)(zu)，可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)萬用(yong)(yong)表測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)其(qi)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)是否在標(biao)稱阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)的允(yun)許偏(pian)差(cha)范圍內。例(li)如，一個標(biao)稱阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)為(wei)100Ω、允(yun)許偏(pian)差(cha)為(wei)±5%的電阻(zu)(zu)，其(qi)實(shi)際測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)應該(gai)在95Ω - 105Ω之間。對(dui)于(yu)電容，可以(yi)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)其(qi)容值(zhi)和耐壓(ya)值(zhi)，檢(jian)查(cha)是否漏電等。對(dui)于(yu)晶(jing)體管，可以(yi)測(ce)試其(qi)放大倍數(shu)(shu)等參數(shu)(shu)。 2. 檢(jian)驗 - 檢(jian)驗包括(kuo)(kuo)外(wai)觀檢(jian)查(cha)，查(cha)看元(yuan)(yuan)器件是否有損壞、引(yin)腳(jiao)是否完整等。還包括(kuo)(kuo)對(dui)元(yuan)(yuan)器件性能的抽(chou)檢(jian)，例(li)如從一批次(ci)的電阻(zu)(zu)中抽(chou)取一定數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的樣品進行阻(zu)(zu)值(zhi)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，以(yi)確保(bao)整批次(ci)元(yuan)(yuan)器件的質量(liang)(liang)(liang)。
四、電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)和(he)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 1. 應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong) - 在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中(zhong)，各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有著不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。例(li)如在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，三極管作(zuo)為放(fang)(fang)大元(yuan)(yuan)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻用(yong)(yong)(yong)來設置三極管的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)點，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容用(yong)(yong)(yong)來耦合(he)(he)信號(hao)和(he)濾(lv)除雜波。在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)換，整(zheng)流二極管用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)將交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉換為直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)，濾(lv)波電(dian)(dian)(dian)容用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)平滑直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。 2. 設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) - 設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)兼容性(xing)。例(li)如在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)混(hun)合(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)，數(shu)字電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)部(bu)分和(he)模擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)部(bu)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)布(bu)局要(yao)合(he)(he)理，以(yi)減少相(xiang)互干擾。同(tong)時，要(yao)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能需(xu)求合(he)(he)理選擇元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參數(shu)，并且要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定性(xing)、可靠(kao)性(xing)等因素。例(li)如在(zai)(zai)(zai)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)溫度(du)控制系統時，要(yao)選擇合(he)(he)適的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)傳感器(qi)(qi)、放(fang)(fang)大器(qi)(qi)、控制器(qi)(qi)等元(yuan)(yuan)器(qi)(qi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，并且要(yao)確保(bao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)環(huan)境下系統都能穩(wen)定工(gong)作(zuo)。
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